Writing Functions

Overview

Teaching: 10 min
Exercises: 15 min

Questions

• How can I create my own functions?

Objectives

• Explain and identify the difference between function definition and function call.

• Write a function that takes a small, fixed number of arguments and produces a single result.

• Correctly identify local and global variable use in a function.

• Correctly identify portions of source code that will be displayed as online help, and in particular distinguish docstrings from comments.

• Write short docstrings for functions.

Break programs down into functions to make them easier to understand.

• Human beings can only keep a few items in working memory at a time.
• Understand larger/more complicated ideas by understanding and combining pieces.
  • Components in a machine.
  • Lemmas when proving theorems.
• Functions serve the same purpose in programs.
  • Encapsulate complexity so that we can treat it as a single “thing”.
• Also enables re-use.
  • Write one time, use many times.

Define a function using def with a name, parameters, and a block of code.

• Begin the definition of a new function with def.
• Followed by the name of the function.
  • Must obey the same rules as variable names.
• Then parameters in parentheses.
  • Empty parentheses if the function doesn’t take any inputs.
  • We will discuss this in detail in a moment.
• Then a colon.
• Then an indented block of code.

def print_greeting():
    print('Hello!')

Defining a function does not run it.

• Defining a function does not run it.
  • Like assigning a value to a variable.
• Must call the function to execute the code it contains.

print_greeting()

Hello!

Arguments in call are matched to parameters in definition.

• Functions are most useful when they can operate on different data.
• Specify parameters when defining a function.
  • These become variables when the function is executed.
  • Are assigned the arguments in the call (i.e., the values passed to the function).

def print_date(year, month, day):
    joined = str(year) + '/' + str(month) + '/' + str(day)
    print(joined)

print_date(1871, 3, 19)

1871/3/19

• Via Twitter: () contains the ingredients for the function while the body contains the recipe.

Functions may return a result to their caller using return.

• Use return ... to give a value back to the caller.
• May occur anywhere in the function.
• But functions are easier to understand if return occurs:
  • At the start to handle special cases.
  • At the very end, with a final result.

def average(values):
    if len(values) == 0:
        return None
    return sum(values) / len(values)

a = average([1, 3, 4])
print('average of actual values:', a)

2.6666666666666665

print('average of empty list:', average([]))

None

• Remember: every function returns something.
• A function that doesn’t explicitly return a value automatically returns None.

result = print_date(1871, 3, 19)
print('result of call is:', result)

1871/3/19
result of call is: None

Definition and Use

What does the following program print?

~~~ def report(pressure): print(‘pressure is’, pressure)

print(‘calling’, report, 22.5)

Find the First

Fill in the blanks to create a function that takes a list of numbers as an argument and returns the first negative value in the list. What does your function do if the list is empty?

def first_negative(values):
    for v in ____:
        if ____:
            return ____

Order of Operations

The example above:

result = print_date(1871, 3, 19)
print('result of call is:', result)

printed:

1871/3/19
result of call is: None

Explain why the two lines of output appeared in the order they did.

Calling by Name

What does this short program print?

def print_date(year, month, day):
    joined = str(year) + '/' + str(month) + '/' + str(day)
    print(joined)

print_date(day=1, month=2, year=2003)

1. When have you seen a function call like this before?
2. When and why is it useful to call functions this way?

Key Points

• Break programs down into functions to make them easier to understand.

• Define a function using def with a name, parameters, and a block of code.

• Defining a function does not run it.

• Arguments in call are matched to parameters in definition.

• Functions may return a result to their caller using return.